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Shoot regeneration in safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius  ‘AKS 207’ and ‘PKV Pink’) genetically transformed using  Agrobacterium  was used for assessing various constraints to the efficiency of transformation including infection period, virulence induction medium, co-cultivation period, bacterial titre, selection regime, and the natural phenolic compound acetosyringone. Transformation frequency was promising with 8–10-day-old cotyledonary leaf explants. Therefore, explants of that age cultured on  Agrobacterium  minimal medium (AB) containing 100 µM acetosyringone were infected with  Agrobacterium  (cell titre 0.5 OD 600nm ) for 15 min followed by 48 h of co-cultivation on kanamycin-enriched medium (50 mg/L). Transformation of the shoots was confirmed using β-glucuronidase (GUS) histochemical assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). With the transformation protocol thus optimized, the transformation frequency as determined using GUS assays was 54.0 % for AKS 207 and 47.6 % for PKV Pink. The corresponding figures using PCR were 27.0 and 33.3 %. The transformed shoots required 10–14 weeks of culture initiation but produced very few roots.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0497-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Parameters influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system in safflower genotypes AKS-207 and PKV Pink