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Gossypiboma is a retained surgical sponge and represents a rare complication with an uncertain incidence probably due to medical-legal implications. It is an iatrogenic condition solely due to human factors. While the medical literature has previously described cases of this entity after orthopedic, abdominal, otorhinolaryngology, and plastic surgery procedures, gossypibomas in oral and maxillofacial region are uncommon. It can mimic neoplasms or other injuries, which may promote a delayed diagnosis; thus, the differential diagnosis should be based on clinical history in each particular case. Although there are no pathognomonic features of gossypiboma in oral and maxillofacial region, the most common symptoms suggestive of persistent inflammation include pain, fever, swelling, surgical wounds that do not heal, and purulent drainage. The aim of this study was to report a maxillofacial gossypiboma misdiagnosed as third molar surgery-related odontogenic infection and a diagnosis algorithm.

Maxillofacial Gossypiboma: Case Report, Review of the Literature, and Diagnosis Algorithm