English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Open

Leaf primordia are born around meristem‐containing stem cells at shoot apices, grow along three axes (proximal–distal, adaxial–abaxial, medial–lateral), and develop into flat symmetric leaves with adaxial–abaxial polarity. Axis development and polarity specification of  Arabidopsis  leaves require a network of genes for transcription factor‐like proteins and small RNAs. Here, we summarize present understandings of adaxial‐specific genes,  ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1  ( AS1 ) and  AS2 . Their complex (AS1–AS2) functions in the regulation of the proximal–distal leaf length by directly repressing class 1  KNOX  homeobox genes ( BP, KNAT2 ) that are expressed in the meristem periphery below leaf primordia. Adaxial–abaxial polarity specification involves antagonistic interaction of adaxial and abaxial genes including  AS1  and  AS2  for the development of two respective domains. AS1–AS2 directly represses the abaxial gene  ETTIN / AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3  ( ETT / ARF3 ) and indirectly represses  ETT / ARF3  and  ARF4  through tasiR‐ARF. Modifier mutations have been identified that abolish adaxialization and enhance the defect in the proximal–distal patterning in  as1  and  as2 . AS1–AS2 and its modifiers synergistically repress both  ARFs  and class 1  KNOXs . Repression of  ARFs  is critical for establishing adaxial–abaxial polarity. On the other hand, abaxial factors KANADI1 (KAN1) and KAN2 directly repress  AS2  expression. These data delineate a molecular framework for antagonistic gene interactions among adaxial factors,  AS1 ,  AS2 , and their modifiers, and the abaxial factors  ARFs  as key regulators in the establishment of adaxial–abaxial polarity. Possible AS1–AS2 epigenetic repression and activities downstream of  ARFs  are discussed.  WIREs Dev Biol  2015, 4:655–671. doi: 10.1002/wdev.196  This article is categorized under:  Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies &gt; Regulatory Mechanisms  Plant Development &gt; Vegetative Development  Plant Development &gt; Cell Growth and Differentiation

wiley interdisciplinary reviews: developmental biology

The complex of  ASYMMETRIC LEAVES  ( AS ) proteins plays a central role in antagonistic interactions of genes for leaf polarity specification in  Arabidopsis