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Obese dogs seem to have a different gut microbiome ( GM ) composition compared to lean dogs, and in humans,  GM  composition may negatively impact the ability to lose weight in some individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction between exercise, weight‐loss and the composition of  GM  in dogs. Eighteen obese pet dogs were recruited for a 12‐week weight‐loss intervention. All dogs were fed restrictively with a commercial high‐protein/high‐fibre dry diet, and eight of these dogs were enrolled in an exercise program in addition to the diet intervention. Faecal samples were collected and the dogs were weighed at week 0, week 6 and week 12.  GM  composition was determined using MiSeq‐based tag‐encoded 16S  rRNA  gene high‐throughput amplicon sequencing, and concentrations of short chain fatty acids ( SCFA ) by gas‐liquid chromatography. Total weight loss, food allowance and  GM  were not changed by exercise inclusion. However,  Megamonas  abundance negatively correlated with weight loss rate and Ruminococcaceae relative abundance was lower at 12 weeks in dogs with a faster weight loss rate (≥1% per week) compared with slower weight loss rate (<1% per week) independent of exercise. Acetic and propionic acid concentrations decreased in the dogs with a faster weight loss rate. Members of  Megamonas  and Ruminococcaceae produce acetic and propionic acids and we therefore interpret that having a  GM  that favour  SCFA  production may negatively affect weight loss rate in dogs. Weight loss rate in dogs may be related to the composition of the  GM  and its production of metabolites.

Gut microbiota composition may relate to weight loss rate in obese pet dogs