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Mast cell neoplasia clinical presentation and biological behaviour vary considerably across mammalian species, ranging from a solitary benign mass to an aggressive systemic malignancy. Mutations in the  KIT Proto‐Oncogene Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (KIT)  gene are common molecular abnormalities involved in mast cell tumorigenesis . KIT  mutations often occur in dog, cat and human neoplastic mast cells and result in altered Kit protein structure and function. In dogs, certain  KIT  mutations are associated with more malignant and lethal disease. In contrast,  KIT  mutations in feline and human mast cell neoplasms are not correlated with prognosis, but are of value in diagnosis and treatment planning in humans.  KIT  genetic abnormalities have not been well investigated in other species, although aberrant cytoplasmic Kit protein staining detected in neoplasms of the ferret, horse and cow resembles aberrant Kit staining patterns detected in neoplastic mast cells of dogs, cats and humans. Mutations within  KIT  are classified as either regulatory‐type or enzymatic pocket‐type mutations according to their location within the  KIT Proto‐Oncogene . Mutations within the enzymatic pocket domain confer tumour resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Hence, knowledge of tumour  KIT  mutation status adds valuable information for optimizing patient treatment strategies. The use of TKIs in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics has opened a new treatment avenue for patients unresponsive to existing drugs. This review highlights the similarities and differences of mast cell neoplasia in mammals with a special focus on the involvement of  KIT  in the canine and feline forms in comparison to human mast cell neoplasia.

Comparative aspects of mast cell neoplasia in animals and the role of KIT in prognosis and treatment