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Previous research indicates that knocking out absent, small, or homeotic‐like (Ash1l) in mice, a histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) trimethyltransferase, can result in arthritis with more severe cartilage and bone destruction. Research has documented the essential role of Ash1l in stem cell fate decision such as hematopoietic stem cells and the progenitors of keratinocytes. Following up on those insights, our research seeks to document the function of Ash1l in skeletal formation, specifically whether it controls the fate decision of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Our findings indicate that in osteoporotic bones, Ash1l was significantly decreased, indicating a positive correlation between bone mass and the expression of Ash1l. Silencing of Ash1l that had been markedly upregulated in differentiated C3H10T1/2 (C3) cells hampered osteogenesis and chondrogenesis but promoted adipogenesis. Consistently, overexpression of an Ash1l SET domain‐containing fragment 3 rather than Ash1lΔN promoted osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of C3 cells and simultaneously inhibited adipogenic differentiation. This indicates that the role of Ash1l in regulating the differentiation of C3 cells is linked to its histone methyltransferase activity. Subcutaneous ex vivo transplantation experiments confirmed the role of Ash1l in the promotion of osteogenesis. Further experiments proved that Ash1l can epigenetically affect the expression of essential osteogenic and chondrogenic transcription factors. It exerts this impact via modifications in the enrichment of H3K4me3 on their promoter regions. Considering the promotional action of Ash1l on bone, it could potentially prompt new therapeutic strategy to promote osteogenesis.  Stem Cells   2019;37:115–127

Epigenetic Control of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate Decision via Histone Methyltransferase Ash1l