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Spontaneous calcium (Ca 2+ ) transients in the developing nervous system can affect proliferation, migration, neuronal subtype specification, and neurite outgrowth. Here, we show that telencephalic human neuroepithelia (hNE) and postmitotic neurons (PMNs) generated from embryonic stem cells display robust Ca 2+  transients. Unlike previous reports in animal models, transients occurred by a Gd 3+ /La 3+ ‐sensitive, but thapsigargin‐ and Cd 2+ ‐insensitive, mechanism, strongly suggestive of a role for transient receptor potential (Trp) channels. Furthermore, Ca 2+  transients in PMNs exhibited an additional sensitivity to the canonical Trp (TrpC) antagonist SKF96365 and shRNA‐mediated knockdown of the TrpC1 subunit. Functionally, inhibition of Ca 2+  transients in dividing hNE cells led to a significant reduction in proliferation, whereas either pharmacological inhibition or shRNA‐mediated knockdown of the TrpC1 and TrpC4 subunits significantly reduced neurite extension in PMNs. Primary neurons cultured from fetal human cortex displayed nearly identical Ca 2+  transients and pharmacological sensitivities to Trp channel antagonists. Together these data suggest that Trp channels present a novel mechanism for controlling Ca 2+  transients in human neurons and may offer a target for regulating proliferation and neurite outgrowth when engineering cells for therapeutic transplantation. S TEM  C ELLS  2009;27:2906–2916

Developmental Regulation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell‐Derived Neurons by Calcium Entry via Transient Receptor Potential Channels