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Spermatogenesis is the process that involves the division and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells into spermatozoa. However, the autocrine molecules and signaling pathways controlling their fate remain unknown. This study was designed to identify novel growth factors and signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival of spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells. To this end, we have for the first time explored the expression, function, and signaling pathway of Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, in mouse spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells. We demonstrate that both Nodal and its receptors are present in these cells and in a spermatogonial stem/progenitor cell line (C18‐4 cells), whereas Nodal is undetected in Sertoli cells or differentiated germ cells, as assayed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, Western blots, and immunocytochemistry. Nodal promotes proliferation of spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells and C18‐4 cells, whereas Nodal receptor inhibitor SB431542 blocks their propagation as shown by proliferation and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays. Nodal knockdown by RNA interference results in a marked increase of cell apoptosis and a reduction of cell division as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling and proliferation assays. Conversely, overexpression of Nodal leads to an increase of cell proliferation. Nodal activates Smad2/3 phosphorylation,  Oct‐4  transcription, cyclin D1, and cyclin E expression, whereas SB431542 completely abolishes their increase. Together, Nodal was identified as the first autocrine signaling molecule that promotes proliferation of mouse spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells via Smad2/3 and  Oct‐4  activation. This study thus provides novel and important insights into molecular mechanisms regulating proliferation and survival of spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells. STEM CELLS 2009;27:2580–2590

Nodal Signaling via an Autocrine Pathway Promotes Proliferation of Mouse Spermatogonial Stem/Progenitor Cells Through Smad2/3 and Oct‐4 Activation