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Recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, rhG‐CSF, is widely applied to ameliorate neutropenia following chemotherapy. However, rhG‐CSF can exert negative effects on megakaryocytopoiesis that might cause a delay of megakaryocyte recovery. Therefore, the present study was designed to test different rhG‐CSF administration protocols with regard to their megakaryocytic inhibitory potential in a 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐induced experimental model system. Splenectomized B 6 D 2 F 1  mice received a single injection of 5‐FU (150 mg/kg) on day 0 followed by 50 μg/kg/day rhG‐CSF given daily for either zero, four, or eight days. Five days after 5‐FU, bone marrow and blood hematopoiesis were reduced significantly when compared with controls, independent of whether or not animals received rhG‐CSF. However, nine days after 5‐FU, granulopoietic recovery from 5‐FU‐induced toxicity was faster for rhG‐CSF‐treated versus untreated mice as demonstrated by higher values for colony forming unit‐granulocyte macrophage (CFU‐GM) and granulocytes (CFU‐GM: 7.2 ± 0.4 versus 5 ± 0.6 × 10 4 /femur, granulocytes: 4.3 ± 2 versus 1.4 ± 0.4 × 10 5 /ml, respectively). Furthermore, significant mobilization of CFU‐megakaryocyte (CFU‐Meg) and CFU‐GM into the peripheral blood was induced by the eight‐day administration of rhG‐CSF following 5‐FU (day 9: 911 ± 102 CFU‐Meg/ml, 2330 ± 152 CFU‐GM/ml). However, megakaryocytic cells in these same mice were considerably lower when compared with those of animals receiving no rhG‐CSF (CFU‐Meg: 2.7 ± 0.2 × 10 3  versus 4.2 ± 0.2 × 10 3 /femur; small acetylcholinesterase positive (SAChE + ) cells: 4.9 ± 0.3 × 10 3  versus 7.3 ± 0.9 × 10 3 /femur; megakaryocytes: 2.5 ± 0.2 × 10 3  versus 4.1 ± 0.7 × 10 3 /femur; platelets: 2.67 ± 0.5 × 10 9  versus 3.1 ± 0.5 × 10 9 /ml, respectively). On the other hand, the shortening of the rhG‐CSF treatment from eight to four days caused a rapid granulopoietic recovery comparable to animals receiving eight days of G‐CSF with no significant delay in megakaryocytic recovery when compared with mice treated with 5‐FU alone; however, with four days of rhG‐CSF, the mobilization of CFU into the peripheral blood was significantly less effective. Taken together, the results showed that a shortening of rhG‐CSF treatment after chemotherapy is capable of ameliorating neutropenia without negatively affecting megakaryocytopoietic recovery. If, however, maximum recruitment of CFU into the peripheral blood circulation by rhG‐CSF for subsequent harvest and transplantation is needed, any shortening of rhG‐CSF administration is not advisable.

Influence of rhG‐CSF Scheduling on Megakaryocytopoietic Recovery following 5‐Fluorouracil‐Induced Hematotoxicity in Splenectomized B 6 D 2 F 1 Mice