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Background  A high prevalence of cancers in metabolic disorders, like metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM ), recently has been noted, including prostate cancer ( PC ), which is androgen‐sensitive. However, the pathological relationship among testosterone and insulin and insulin‐like growth factor ( IGF )‐1 signaling in relation to MetS and T2 DM  with  PC  remains unclear.    Methods  Papers were reviewed, including those by the authors.    Results  In MetS or the initial stage of T2 DM  accompanying insulin resistance, insulin and  IGF ‐1 signaling could be essential for  PC  growth. In the advanced stage of T2 DM , the decrease in insulin secretion might work against  PC  growth. A decrease in testosterone concentration with T2 DM  also might suppress  PC  proliferation. Androgen deprivation therapy in patients with  PC  might increase the risk of MetS and/or T2 DM  and consequently cardiovascular events. Certain drugs for T2 DM  treatment, such as metformin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog, potentially might be useful for the treatment of  PC .    Conclusion  The improvement of insulin resistance appears to be essential for the prevention of  PC  growth. Further studies are needed to clarify the complicated pathophysiology of metabolic disorders in  PC  growth.

Impact of metabolic disorders on prostate cancer growth: Androgen and insulin resistance perspectives