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Aim  To determine whether there are differences in size between the male and female pronuclei immediately before the pronuclear membrane breakdown ( PNMBD ) and to evaluate whether pronuclear size differences influence normal birth rates.    Methods  Time‐lapse photography was used to measure the size of each pronucleus, while the outcome of 71 frozen‐thawed single blastocyst transfers in patients receiving hormone therapy was analyzed retrospectively. The pronuclear measurements were made 4 hours before the  PNMBD , corresponding to 16‐20 hours after insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and immediately before the  PNMBD . The differences in the areas between the pronuclei in the zygotes that were associated with the live births were compared with those that were associated with the failed pregnancies.    Results  The average difference in the area between the pronuclei 4 hours before and immediately before the  PNMBD  in the patients with a live birth was significantly smaller than in the patients with a failed birth. In addition, the average area difference in the patients with a successful birth was significantly smaller when the measurements were made immediately before the  PNMBD , compared with the measurements 4 hours before the  PNMBD . Such differences were not detected among the patients who did not achieve a birth.    Conclusion  The birth of healthy babies resulted from zygotes that contained pronuclei of similar size when the measurements were made immediately before the  PNMBD . Evaluating the size of each pronucleus immediately before the  PNMBD  provides an effective indicator of the embryo's potential at an early stage of development.

Potential of zygotes to produce live births can be identified by the size of the male and female pronuclei just before their membranes break down