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Surface impurities and contamination often seriously degrade the properties of two‐dimensional materials such as graphene. To remove contamination, thermal annealing is commonly used. We present a comparative analysis of annealing treatments in air and in vacuum, both  ex situ  and “ pre situ ,” where an ultra‐high vacuum treatment chamber is directly connected to an aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. While  ex situ  treatments do remove contamination, it is challenging to obtain atomically clean surfaces after ambient transfer. However,  pre situ  cleaning with radiative or laser heating appears reliable and well suited to clean graphene without damage to most suspended areas.   Pre situ  annealing of typical dirty graphene samples yields atomically clean areas several hundred nm 2  in size.

Cleaning graphene: Comparing heat treatments in air and in vacuum