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Is Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder a Milder Form of Tourette Syndrome?
Author(s) -
ClaudioCampos Karla,
Stevens Daniel,
Koo SangWahn,
Valko Alexa,
Bienvenu Oscar Joseph,
Budman Cathy B.,
Cath Danielle C.,
Darrow Sabrina,
Geller Daniel,
Goes Fernando S.,
Grados Marco A.,
Greenberg Benjamin D.,
Greenberg Erica,
Hirschtritt Matthew E.,
Illmann Cornelia,
Ivankovic Franjo,
King Robert A.,
Knowles James A.,
Krasnow Janice,
Lee Paul C.,
Lyon Gholson J.,
McCracken James T.,
Robertson Mary M.,
Osiecki Lisa,
Riddle Mark A.,
Rouleau Guy,
Sandor Paul,
Nestadt Gerald,
Samuels Jack,
Scharf Jeremiah M.,
Mathews Carol A.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
movement disorders
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.352
H-Index - 198
eISSN - 1531-8257
pISSN - 0885-3185
DOI - 10.1002/mds.28593
Subject(s) - tourette syndrome , tics , psychology , anxiety , psychiatry , population , mood , clinical psychology , medicine , environmental health
Background Persistent motor or vocal tic disorder (PMVT) has been hypothesized to be a forme fruste of Tourette syndrome (TS). Although the primary diagnostic criterion for PMVT (presence of motor or vocal tics, but not both) is clear, less is known about its clinical presentation. Objective The goals of this study were to compare the prevalence and number of comorbid psychiatric disorders, tic severity, age at tic onset, and family history for TS and PMVT. Methods We analyzed data from two independent cohorts using generalized linear equations and confirmed our findings using meta‐analyses, incorporating data from previously published literature. Results Rates of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were lower in PMVT than in TS in all analyses. Other psychiatric comorbidities occurred with similar frequencies in PMVT and TS in both cohorts, although meta‐analyses suggested lower rates of most psychiatric disorders in PMVT compared with TS. ADHD and OCD increased the odds of comorbid mood, anxiety, substance use, and disruptive behaviors, and accounted for observed differences between PMVT and TS. Age of tic onset was approximately 2 years later, and tic severity was lower in PMVT than in TS. First‐degree relatives had elevated rates of TS, PMVT, OCD, and ADHD compared with population prevalences, with rates of TS equal to or greater than PMVT rates. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that PMVT and TS occur along a clinical spectrum in which TS is a more severe and PMVT a less severe manifestation of a continuous neurodevelopmental tic spectrum disorder. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society