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Background  Post‐radiotherapy locally recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) patients are candidates for focal salvage treatment. Multiparametric MRI (mp‐MRI) is attractive for tumor localization. However, radiotherapy‐induced tissue changes complicate image interpretation. To develop focal salvage strategies, accurate tumor localization and distinction from benign tissue is necessary.    Purpose  To quantitatively characterize radio‐recurrent tumor and benign radiation‐induced changes using mp‐MRI, and investigate which sequences optimize the distinction between tumor and benign surroundings.    Study Type  Prospective case–control.    Subjects  Thirty‐three patients with biochemical failure after external‐beam radiotherapy (cases), 35 patients without post‐radiotherapy recurrent disease (controls), and 13 patients with primary PCa (untreated).    Field Strength/Sequences  3T; quantitative mp‐MRI: T 2 ‐mapping, ADC, and K trans  and k ep  maps.    Assessment  Quantitative image‐analysis of prostatic regions, within and between cases, controls, and untreated patients.    Statistical Tests  Within‐groups: nonparametric Friedman analysis of variance with post‐hoc Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests; between‐groups: Mann–Whitney tests. All with Bonferroni corrections. Generalized linear mixed modeling to ascertain the contribution of each map and location to tumor likelihood.    Results  Benign imaging values were comparable between cases and controls ( P  = 0.15 for ADC in the central gland up to 0.91 for k ep  in the peripheral zone), both with similarly high peri‐urethral K trans  and k ep  values (min −1 ) (median [range]: K trans  = 0.22 [0.14–0.43] and 0.22 [0.14–0.36],  P  = 0.60, k ep  = 0.43 [0.24–0.57] and 0.48 [0.32–0.67],  P  = 0.05). After radiotherapy, benign central gland values were significantly decreased for all maps ( P  ≤ 0.001) as well as T 2 , K trans , and k ep  of benign peripheral zone (all with  P  ≤ 0.002). All imaging maps distinguished recurrent tumor from benign peripheral zone, but only ADC, K trans , and k ep  were able to distinguish it from benign central gland. Recurrent tumor and peri‐urethral K trans  values were not significantly different ( P  = 0.81), but k ep  values were ( P  < 0.001). Combining all quantitative maps and voxel location resulted in an optimal distinction between tumor and benign voxels.    Data Conclusion  Mp‐MRI can distinguish recurrent tumor from benign tissue.   Level of Evidence : 2   Technical Efficacy Stage : 2  J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:269–278.

journal of magnetic resonance imaging

Quantitative 3T multiparametric MRI of benign and malignant prostatic tissue in patients with and without local recurrent prostate cancer after external‐beam radiation therapy