p21‐activated kinase 4 phosphorylates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor Υ and suppresses skeletal muscle regeneration

Background Skeletal muscle regeneration is an adaptive response to injury that is crucial to the maintenance of muscle mass and function. A p21‐activated kinase 4 (PAK4) serine/threonine kinase is critical to the regulation of cytoskeletal changes, cell proliferation, and growth. However, PAK4's role in myoblast differentiation and regenerative myogenesis remains to be determined. Methods We used a mouse model of myotoxin (notexin)‐induced muscle regeneration. In vitro myogenesis was performed in the C2C12 myoblast cell line, primary myoblasts, and primary satellite cells. In vivo overexpression of PAK4 or kinase‐inactive mutant PAK4 S474A was conducted in skeletal muscle to examine PAK4's kinase‐dependent effect on muscle regeneration. The regeneration process was evaluated by determining the number and size of multinucleated myofibres and expression patterns of myogenin and eMyHC. To explore whether PAK4 inhibition improves muscle regeneration, mice were injected intramuscularly with siRNA that targeted PAK4 or orally administered with a chemical inhibitor of PAK4. Results p21‐activated kinase 4 was highly expressed during the myoblast stage, but expression gradually and substantially decreased as myoblasts differentiated into myotubes. PAK4 overexpression, but not kinase‐inactive mutant PAK4 S474A overexpression, significantly impeded myoblast fusion and MyHC‐positive myotube formation in C2C12 cells, primary myoblasts, and satellite cells ( P  < 0.01). Conversely, PAK4 silencing led to an 8.7% and a 20.3% increase in the number of multinucleated larger myotubes in C2C12 cells and primary myoblasts. Further, in vivo overexpression of PAK4 by adenovirus injection to mice prior to and after myotoxin‐induced injury led to a 52.6% decrease in the number of eMyHC‐positive myofibres on Day 5 in tibialis anterior muscles as compared with those injected with control adenoviruses ( P  < 0.01), while Ad‐PAK4 S474A showed comparable muscle regeneration parameters. PAK4‐induced repression of muscle regeneration coincided with an increase in phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression and a decrease in phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐Akt signalling. In contrast, PAK4 silencing reduced PTEN expression in mice. Consistent with these findings, prodrug of PAK4 inhibitor CZh‐226 (30 mg/kg) orally administered to mice repressed PTEN expression and accelerated myotube formation. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that PAK4 directly phosphorylates PPARγ at S273 to increase its transcription activity, thereby up‐regulating PTEN expression. Importantly, an analysis of the Genotype‐Tissue Expression database showed a positive correlation between PAK4 and PTEN in human skeletal muscle tissues ( P  < 0.01). Conclusions p1‐activated kinase 4 is a new member of PPARγ kinase, and PAK4 inhibition may have a therapeutic role as an accelerant of muscle regeneration.