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Effect of 3,6‐anhydro‐ l ‐galactose on α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone‐induced melanogenesis in human melanocytes and a skin‐equivalent model
Author(s) -
Kim Ji Hye,
Kim Dong Hyun,
Cho Kyung Mun,
Kim Kyoung Heon,
Kang Nam Joo
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of cellular biochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.028
H-Index - 165
eISSN - 1097-4644
pISSN - 0730-2312
DOI - 10.1002/jcb.27112
Subject(s) - microphthalmia associated transcription factor , tyrosinase , melanocyte , protein kinase a , melanin , cyclic adenosine monophosphate , chemistry , creb , melanocyte stimulating hormone , microbiology and biotechnology , biology , transcription factor , kinase , biochemistry , melanoma , hormone , enzyme , cancer research , receptor , gene
3,6‐Anhydro‐ l ‐galactose ( l ‐AHG) is a bioactive sugar that is a major component of agarose. Recently, l ‐AHG was reported to have anti‐melanogenic potential in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) and B16F10 melanoma cells; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. At noncytotoxic concentrations, l ‐AHG has been shown to inhibit alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced melanin synthesis in various cell models, including HEMs, melan‐a cells, and B16F10 cells. Although l ‐AHG did not inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the anti‐melanogenic effect of l ‐AHG was mediated by transcriptional repression of melanogenesis‐related genes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase‐related protein‐1 (TRP‐1), tyrosinase‐related protein‐2 (TRP‐2), and microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) in HEMs. Western blot analysis showed that l ‐AHG effectively attenuated α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced melanogenic proteins by inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic adenosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling pathways in HEMs. Topical application of l ‐AHG significantly ameliorated melanin production in a 3D pigmented human skin model. Collectively, these results suggest that l ‐AHG could be utilized as novel cosmetic compounds with skin‐whitening efficacy.