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Primary cilia are small microtubule‐based organelles capable of transducing signals from growth factor receptors embedded in the cilia membrane. Developmentally, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) express genes associated with primary cilia assembly, disassembly, and signaling, however, the importance of primary cilia for adult myelination has not been explored. We show that OPCs are ciliated in vitro and in vivo, and that they disassemble their primary cilia as they progress through the cell cycle. OPC primary cilia are also disassembled as OPCs differentiate into oligodendrocytes. When  kinesin family member 3a (Kif3a) , a gene critical for primary cilium assembly, was conditionally deleted from adult OPCs in vivo ( Pdgfrα‐CreER™:: Kif3a    fl/fl   transgenic mice), OPCs failed to assemble primary cilia.  Kif3a ‐deletion was also associated with reduced OPC proliferation and oligodendrogenesis in the corpus callosum and motor cortex and a progressive impairment of fine motor coordination.

Kif3a deletion prevents primary cilia assembly on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, reduces oligodendrogenesis and impairs fine motor function