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Summary   Objective  There is an ongoing debate about definition of seizures in experimental models of acquired epilepsy and how important adequate sham controls are in this respect. For instance, several mouse and rat strains exhibit high‐voltage rhythmic spike or spike‐wave discharges in the cortical electroencephalogram ( EEG ), which has to be considered when using such strains for induction of epilepsy by status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, or other means. Mice developing spontaneous recurrent nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures after intrahippocampal injection of kainate are increasingly being used as a model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We performed a prospective study in which  EEG  alterations occurring in this model were compared with the  EEG s in appropriate sham controls, using hippocampal electrodes and video‐ EEG  monitoring.    Methods  Experiments with intrahippocampal kainate (or saline) injections started when mice were about 8 weeks of age. Continuous video‐ EEG  recording via hippocampal electrodes was performed 6 weeks after surgery in kainate‐injected mice and sham controls, that is, at an age of about 14 weeks. Three days of continuous video‐ EEG  monitoring were compared between kainate‐injected mice and experimental controls.    Results  As reported previously, kainate‐injected mice exhibited two types of highly frequent electrographic seizures: high‐voltage sharp waves, which were often monomorphic, and polymorphic hippocampal paroxysmal discharges. In addition, generalized convulsive clinical seizures were infrequently observed. None of these electrographic or electroclinical seizures were observed in sham controls. The only infrequently observed  EEG  abnormalities in sham controls were isolated spikes or spike clusters, which were also recorded in epileptic mice.    Significance  This study rigorously demonstrates, by explicit comparison with the  EEG s of sham controls, that the nonconvulsive paroxysmal events observed in this model are consequences of the induced epilepsy and not features of the  EEG  expected to be seen in some experimental control mice or unintentionally induced by surgical procedures.

The intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Lack of electrographic seizure‐like events in sham controls