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While insoluble nickel subsulfide (Ni 3 S 2 ) was carcinogenic in the lung in a 2‐year rat bioassay, soluble nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO 4* 6H 2 O) was not. To investigate whether differences in the cellular responses to these two nickel compounds could underlie their differential activities, we conducted parallel studies to determine the gene expression changes in micro‐dissected lung distal airway cells from Fischer 344 rats following inhalation of the two compounds for one and four weeks (6 hr per day, 5 days per week). The results of the Ni 3 S 2  study have been reported previously; this paper reports the results for NiSO 4  and provides a comparative analysis. The cellular responses to NiSO 4  were highly similar to those previously reported for Ni 3 S 2 , and a set of genes was identified whose expression could be used as biomarkers for comparing cellular nickel effects from  in vitro  or  in vivo  studies with soluble NiSO 4  and particulate Ni 3 S 2 . Evaluation of the genomic concentration‐responses for the two compounds suggests that the highest inhaled concentration in the tumor bioassay for NiSO 4 , which was limited by toxicity, may not have achieved the Ni concentrations at which tumors were observed in the Ni 3 S 2  bioassay. However, several key differences in the immune responses to NiSO 4  and Ni 3 S 2  were identified that may result from the differential intracellular disposition of Ni from NiSO 4  entering the cell as an ion rather than as a slowly soluble Ni 3 S 2  particle. These differences may also contribute to the observation of tumors in the bioassay for Ni 3 S 2  but not NiSO 4 . Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:607–618, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society

Time‐ and concentration‐dependent genomic responses of the rat airway to inhaled nickel sulfate