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Abstract   Aims  Real‐world data on the use of tolvaptan, an oral selective vasopressin 2 receptor antagonist, for patients with heart failure (HF) are not available in Western countries because tolvaptan is not indicated in the Western countries for volume overload in HF. This study aimed to investigate the current status and recent trends of tolvaptan use for HF in Japan by analysing a nationwide Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database.    Methods and results  We retrospectively identified 257 812 patients hospitalized because of HF between 1 April 2008 and 30 November 2018. The diagnosis of HF at admission was based on the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and in‐hospital treatment. We investigated patient characteristics, in‐hospital diuretic treatment, and tolvaptan treatment after discharge. The proportion of patients who were prescribed with tolvaptan for HF increased from 3.2% in 2011 to 39% in 2018. Since 2015, tolvaptan was prescribed within 2 days of hospitalization in &gt;50% of HF cases. At discharge of a patient who was prescribed with tolvaptan, the rate of oral loop diuretic prescription at a dose ≥80 mg decreased, while the rate of diuretic prescription at a dose &lt;40 mg increased. After discharge, the rate of tolvaptan prescription gradually increased from 34.0% in 2011 to 69.7% in 2018; however, tolvaptan prescriptions lasting &gt;14 days decreased after 2012.    Conclusions  This large‐scale survey indicated an increased rate of tolvaptan prescription and an early shift to tolvaptan treatment in patients with HF in Japan. The prognostic effects of this change in HF treatment remain unclear.

Temporal trends of a vasopressin V 2 receptor antagonist in heart failure using a nationwide database in Japan