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We have previously reported a novel CD45‐positive cell population called peripheral blood insulin‐producing cells (PB‐IPCs) and its unique potential for releasing insulin in vitro. Despite the CD45‐positive phenotype and self‐renewal ability, PB‐IPCs are distinguished from hemopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by some characteristics, such as a CD34‐negative phenotype and different culture conditions. We have further identified the gene profiles of the embryonic and neural stem cells, and these profiles include Sox2, Nanog, c‐Myc, Klf4, Notch1 and Mash1. After treatment with all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in vitro, most PB‐IPCs exhibited morphological changes that included the development of elongated and branched cell processes. In the process of induction, the mRNA expression of Hes1 was robustly upregulated, and a majority of cells acquired some astrocyte‐associated specific phenotypes including anti‐glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD44, Glutamate‐aspartate transporter (GLAST) and S100β. In spite of the deficiency of glutamate uptaking, the differentiated cells significantly relaxed the regulation of the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA. This finding demonstrates that PB‐IPCs could be induced into a population of astrocyte‐like cells and enhanced the neurotrophic potential when the state of proliferation was limited by ATRA, which implies that this unique CD45+ cell pool may have a protective role in some degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).

Astrocyte‐like cells differentiated from a novel population of CD45‐positive cells in adult human peripheral blood