English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Open

Objective  To determine the number and function of follicular helper T (Tfh) cell subsets in IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐ RD ).    Methods  Mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood and involved tissue of patients with IgG4‐ RD  were assessed for Tfh cells and their subsets, and levels of B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl‐6), B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 ( BLIMP ‐1), and interleukin‐21 ( IL ‐21) messenger  RNA  ( mRNA ). Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were used to assess the involved tissue of patients to determine the location of  IL ‐21, Bcl‐6, and  CD 4+ CXCR 5+ Tfh cells. Furthermore, the ability of circulating Tfh ( cT fh) cell subsets to induce B cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation and to produce IgG4 was explored in cell cocultures in vitro.    Results  Frequencies of  cT fh cells were significantly increased in the peripheral blood of patients with IgG4‐ RD , and even higher frequencies were observed in the involved tissue. Percentages of programmed cell death protein 1 in  CD 4+ CXCR 5+ ICOS +  cT fh cells were positively correlated with the serum levels of IgG and IgG4, IgG4:IgG ratio, number of involved organs, and frequency of  CD 19+ CD 24− CD 38 high  plasmablasts/plasma cells. Levels of  BLIMP ‐1 and  IL ‐21  mRNA  in peripheral  CD 4+ T cells were increased in patients with IgG4‐ RD  compared to healthy controls, and this was correlated with the levels of serum IgG4. Moreover, in the involved tissue, Bcl‐6,  IL ‐21, and Tfh cells were highly expressed. Compared to  cT fh cells from healthy controls,  cT fh cells from patients with IgG4‐ RD  could facilitate B cell proliferation and inhibit B cell apoptosis more efficiently, and enhanced the differentiation of naive B cells into switched memory B cells and plasmablasts/plasma cells, with a resultant increase in the secretion of IgG4. Notably, the cTfh1 and cTfh2 cell subsets were the most effective at providing B cell help.    Conclusion  Tfh cell subsets are expanded in IgG4‐ RD  and may play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Aberrant Expansion and Function of Follicular Helper T Cell Subsets in IgG4‐Related Disease