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Variational wave functions are very useful for describing the panoply of ground states found in interacting many‐electron systems. Some particular trial states are “adiabatically” linked to a reference state, from which they borrow the essential properties. A prominent example is the Gutzwiller ansatz, where one starts with the filled Fermi sea. A simple soluble example, the anisotropic XY chain, illustrates the adiabatic continuity of this class of wave functions. To describe symmetry breaking, one has to modify the reference state accordingly. Alternatively, a quantum phase transition can be described by a pair of variational wave functions, starting at weak and strong coupling, respectively.

Adiabatic continuity and broken symmetry in many‐electron systems: A variational perspective