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N‐acetylcysteine targets 5 lipoxygenase‐derived, toxic lipids and can synergize with prostaglandin E 2 to inhibit ferroptosis and improve outcomes following hemorrhagic stroke in mice
Author(s) -
Karuppagounder Saravanan S.,
Alin Lauren,
Chen Yingxin,
Brand David,
Bourassa Megan W.,
Dietrich Kristen,
Wilkinson Cassandra M.,
Nadeau Colby A.,
Kumar Amit,
Perry Steve,
Pinto John T.,
DarleyUsmar Victor,
Sanchez Stephanie,
Milne Ginger L.,
Pratico Domenico,
Holman Theodore R.,
Carmichael S. Thomas,
Coppola Giovanni,
Colbourne Frederick,
Ratan Rajiv R.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
annals of neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.764
H-Index - 296
eISSN - 1531-8249
pISSN - 0364-5134
DOI - 10.1002/ana.25356
Subject(s) - pharmacology , neuroprotection , acetylcysteine , glutathione , antioxidant , arachidonic acid , medicine , oxidative stress , chemistry , biochemistry , enzyme
Objectives N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) is a clinically approved thiol‐containing redox modulatory compound currently in trials for many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Although generically labeled as an “antioxidant,” poor understanding of its site(s) of action is a barrier to its use in neurological practice. Here, we examined the efficacy and mechanism of action of NAC in rodent models of hemorrhagic stroke. Methods Hemin was used to model ferroptosis and hemorrhagic stroke in cultured neurons. Striatal infusion of collagenase was used to model intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in mice and rats. Chemical biology, targeted lipidomics, arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase (ALOX5) knockout mice, and viral‐gene transfer were used to gain insight into the pharmacological targets and mechanism of action of NAC. Results NAC prevented hemin‐induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate‐dependent ALOX5 activity. NAC efficacy required increases in glutathione and is correlated with suppression of reactive lipids by glutathione‐dependent enzymes such as glutathione S ‐transferase. Accordingly, its protective effects were mimicked by chemical or molecular lipid peroxidation inhibitors. NAC delivered postinjury reduced neuronal death and improved functional recovery at least 7 days following ICH in mice and can synergize with clinically approved prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). Interpretation NAC is a promising, protective therapy for ICH, which acted to inhibit toxic arachidonic acid products of nuclear ALOX5 that synergized with exogenously delivered protective PGE 2 in vitro and in vivo. The findings provide novel insight into a target for NAC, beyond the generic characterization as an antioxidant, resulting in neuroprotection and offer a feasible combinatorial strategy to optimize efficacy and safety in dosing of NAC for treatment of neurological disorders involving ferroptosis such as ICH. Ann Neurol 2018;84:854–872