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Premise  Difficulties in comparing extremely divergent features in fully mycoheterotrophic plants with those in closely related chlorophyllous plants have complicated attempts to reveal the evolutionary patterns and processes of fully mycoheterotrophic plants. Albino mutants of partially mycoheterotrophic plants, generally observed in Orchidaceae, have provided an ideal model for investigating the evolution of mycoheterotrophy within similar genetic backgrounds. In 2018, we found a putative albino population of  Pyrola  (Ericaceae). Here we aimed to reveal the identity of the albino pyroloid and confirm its fully mycoheterotrophic status.    Methods  To reveal the putative albino pyroloid's identity, we examined its morphology and sequenced its chloroplast  DNA . In addition, we assessed the trophic status of the putative albino pyroloid by analyzing chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, and natural  13 C and  15 N abundances.    Results  We identified albino individuals as  P. japonica— otherwise a partially mycoheterotrophic species. We confirmed their albino status by their considerably lower chlorophyll fluorescence and concentrations than those of sympatrically occurring chlorophyllous plants.  13 C abundance in the albino individuals was significantly higher than in the green individuals of  P. japonica .    Conclusions  This first report of albino mutants from partially mycoheterotrophic species in angiosperms other than orchids will play a valuable role in further studies focused on mycoheterotrophy. For instance, their  δ  13 C and  δ  15 N values represent a reference for fully mycoheterotrophic plants in  Pyrola . Our findings also indicate the strong dependence of some leafy  Pyrola  species on fungal C during their entire life cycle.

Evidence for newly discovered albino mutants in a pyroloid: implication for the nutritional mode in the genus Pyrola