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Objectives  The intestinal microflora affects the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases by influencing immune system function. Some bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria, have been reported to have beneficial effects on immune function. However, little is known about the effects of yeasts. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of various dietary yeasts contained in fermented foods on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE ), an animal model of multiple sclerosis ( MS ), and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects.    Methods  The effects of eight yeasts selected from 18 types of yeasts contained in fermented foods were examined using an  EAE  model. Of these,  Candida kefyr  was investigated by analyzing the intestinal microflora and its effects on intestinal and systemic immune states.    Results  Administration of  C. kefyr  ameliorated the severity of EAE. Reduced numbers of Th17 cells, suppressed interleukin (IL)‐6 production by intestinal explants, and increased Tregs and CD103‐positive regulatory dendritic cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were observed. Analysis of 16s‐ rDNA  from feces of  C. kefyr ‐treated mice demonstrated increased  Lactobacillales  and decreased  Bacteroides  compared to control flora. Transfer of intestinal microbiota also resulted in decreased  Bacteroides  and ameliorated symptoms of EAE. Thus, oral administration of  C. kefyr  ameliorated EAE by altering the microflora, accompanied by increased Tregs and CD103‐positive regulatory dendritic cells in MLNs and decreased Th17 cells in the intestinal lamina propria.    Interpretation  Oral ingestion of  C. kefyr  may have beneficial effects on  MS  by modifying microflora. In addition, our findings also suggested the potential health benefits of dietary yeasts.

Dietary Yeasts Reduce Inflammation in Central Nerve System via Microflora