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Every second, millions of submilligram meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere producing dense plasmas. Radars easily detect these plasmas, and researchers use this data to characterize both the meteoroids and the atmosphere. This paper develops a first‐principle kinetic theory describing the behavior of particles ablated from a small fast‐moving meteoroid and then colliding with atmospheric molecules. These collisions result in partial ionization of the ablated particles and formation of a dense plasma around the meteoroid. This theory produces analytic expressions describing the spatial structure and velocity distributions of ions and neutrals near the ablating meteoroid. The analytical model will serve as a basis for a more accurate quantitative interpretation of radar measurements and should help calculate meteoroid and atmosphere parameters from radar head‐echo observations.

Formation of plasma around a small meteoroid: 1. Kinetic theory