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Observations show a tight correlation between the stellar mass of galaxiesand their gas-phase metallicity (MZR). This relation evolves with redshift,with higher-redshift galaxies being characterized by lower metallicities.Understanding the physical origin of the slope and redshift evolution of theMZR may provide important insight into the physical processes underpinning it:star formation, feedback, and cosmological inflows. While theoretical modelsascribe the shape of the MZR to the lower efficiency of galactic outflows inmore massive galaxies, what drives its evolution remains an open question. Inthis letter, we analyze how the MZR evolves over $z=0-3$, combining resultsfrom the FIREbox cosmological volume simulation with analytical models.Contrary to a frequent assertion in the literature, we find that the evolutionof the gas fraction does not contribute significantly to the redshift evolutionof the MZR. Instead, we show that the latter is driven by theredshift-dependence of the inflow metallicity, outflow metallicity, and massloading factor, whose relative importance depends on stellar mass. Thesefindings also suggest that the evolution of the MZR is not explained bygalaxies moving along a fixed surface in the space spanned by stellar mass, gasphase metallicity, and star formation rate.

Inflow and outflow properties, not total gas fractions, drive the evolution of the mass-metallicity relation