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The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method was widely used, amongothers, to simulate low density gas flows with large Knudsen numbers. However,DSMC has its drawbacks when the lower Knudsen number regime (Kn < 0.1) isconsidered. In this case, approaches from classical computational fluiddynamics (CFD) relying on the continuum assumption are the methods of choice,providing accurate solutions at acceptable computational costs. Here, weanalyzed the advantages and drawbacks of DSMC/CFD simulations of internal andexternal flow fields in terms of accuracy and computational effort: We usedDSMC and CFD simulations to calculate the flow inside a convergent-divergentnozzle (internal flow) and the flow around a conical body (external flow). CFDsimulations utilized the software OpenFOAM and the DSMC solution was obtainedusing the software SPARTA. The results of these simulation techniques wereevaluated in terms of (1) comparison with experimental results, (2)time-to-solution, (3) energy consumption, and (4) feasibility of hybridCFD-DSMC approaches.  Keywords: DSMC; SPARTA; Continuum assumption; Transition regime; Rarefiedflow; high-performance computing

Accuracy and Performance Evaluation of Low Density Internal and External Flows using CFD and DSMC