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Quantum entanglement in strongly correlated electron systems often leads toexotic elementary excitations. Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) provide aparadigmatic example, where the elementary excitations are described byfractional quasiparticles such as spinons. However, such fractionalquasiparticles behave differently from electrons, making their experimentalidentification challenging. Here, we theoretically investigate the spin Seebeckeffect, which is a thermoelectric response via a spin current, as an efficientprobe of the fractional quasiparticles in QSLs, focusing on the Kitaevhoneycomb model. By comprehensive studies using the real-time dynamics, theperturbation theory, and the linear spin-wave theory based on the tunnelspin-current theory, we find that the spin current is induced by thermalgradient in the Kitaev spin liquid, via the low-energy fractional Majoranaexcitations. This underscores the ability of Majorana fermions to carry spincurrent, despite lacking spin angular momentum. Furthermore, we find that theinduced spin current changes its sign depending on the sign of the Kitaevinteraction, indicating that the Majorana fermions contribute to the spincurrent with (up-)down-spin like nature when the exchange coupling is(anti)ferromagnetic. Thus, in contrast to the negative spin current alreadyfound in a one-dimensional QSL, our finding reveals that the spin Seebeckeffect can exhibit either positive or negative signals, contingent upon thenature of fractional excitations in the QSLs. We also clarify contrastingfield-angle dependence between the Kitaev spin liquid in the low-field limitand the high-field ferromagnetic state, which is useful for the experimentalidentification. Our finding suggests that the spin Seebeck effect could be usednot only to detect fractional quasiparticles emerging in QSLs but also togenerate and control them.

Spin Seebeck Effect as a Probe for Majorana Fermions in Kitaev Spin Liquids