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Affordability is often seen as a barrier to consuming sustainable diets. Thisstudy provides the first worldwide test of how retail food prices relate toempirically estimated environmental impacts and nutritional profile scoresbetween and within food groups. We use prices for 811 retail food itemscommonly sold in 181 countries during 2011 and 2017, matched to estimatedcarbon and water footprints and nutritional profiles, to test whether healthierand more environmentally sustainable foods are more expensive between andwithin food groups. We find that within almost all groups, less expensive itemshave significantly lower carbon and water footprints. Associations arestrongest for animal source foods, where each 10% lower price is associatedwith 20 grams lower CO2-equivalent carbon and 5 liters lower water footprintper 100kcal. Gradients between price and nutritional profile vary by foodgroup, price range, and nutritional attribute. In contrast, lower-priced itemshave lower nutritional value in only some groups over some price ranges, andthat relationship is sometimes reversed. These findings reveal opportunities toreduce financial and environmental costs of diets, contributing to transitionstowards healthier, more environmentally sustainable food systems.

Environmental impacts, nutritional profiles, and retail prices of commonly sold retail food items in 181 countries: an observational study