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How cooperation evolves and particularly maintains at a large scale remainsan open problem for improving humanity across domains ranging from climatechange to pandemic response. To shed light on how behavioral norms can resolvethe social dilemma of cooperation, here we present a formal mathematical modelof individuals' decision making under general social norms, encompassing avariety of concerns and motivations an individual may have beyond simplymaximizing their own payoffs. Using the canonical game of the Prisoner'sDilemma, we compare four different norms: compassion, universalizability,reciprocity, and equity, to determine which social forces can facilitate theevolution of cooperation, if any. We analyze our model through a variety oflimiting cases, including weak selection, low mutation, and large populationsizes. This is complemented by computer simulations of population dynamics viaa Fisher process, which confirm our theoretical results. We find that the firsttwo norms lead to the emergence of cooperation in a wide range of games, butthe latter two do not on their own. Due to its generality, our framework can beused to investigate many more norms, as well as how norms themselves emerge andevolve. Our work complements recent work on fair-minded learning dynamics andprovides a useful bottom-up perspective into understanding the impact oftop-down social norms on collective cooperative intelligence.

How norms shape the evolution of prosocial behavior. Compassion, Universalizability, Reciprocity, Equity: A C.U.R.E for social dilemmas