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Extremely large aperture arrays (ELAAs) and reconfigurable intelligentsurfaces (RISs) are candidate enablers to realize connectivity goals for thesixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. For instance, ELAAs can provideorders-of-magnitude higher area throughput compared to what massivemultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) can deliver through spatial multiplexing,while RISs can improve the propagation conditions over wireless channels but apassively reflecting RIS must be large to be effective. Active RIS withamplifiers can deal with this issue. In this paper, we study the distortioncreated by nonlinear amplifiers in both ELAAs and active RIS. We analyticallyobtain the angular directions and depth of the nonlinear distortion in bothnear- and far-field channels. The results are demonstrated numerically and weconclude that non-linearities can both create in-band and out-of-banddistortion that is beamformed in entirely new directions and distances from thetransmitter.

Nonlinear Distortion Radiated from Large Arrays and Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces