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Numerical prediction of the interactions between wind and ocean waves isessential for climate modeling and a wide range of offshore operations. LargeEddy Simulation (LES) of the marine atmospheric boundary layer is a practicalnumerical predictive tool but requires parameterization of surface fluxes atthe air-water interface. Current momentum flux parameterizations primarily usewave-phase adapting computational grids, incurring high computational costs, oruse an equilibrium model based on Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for roughsurfaces that cannot resolve wave phase information. To include wavephase-resolving physics at a cost similar to the equilibrium model, the MovingSurface Drag (MOSD) model is introduced. It assumes ideal airflow over locallypiece-wise planar representations of moving water wave surfaces. Horizontallyunresolved interactions are still modeled using the equilibrium model.Validation against experimental and numerical datasets with known monochromaticwaves demonstrates the robustness and accuracy of the model in representingwave-induced impacts on mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles. The modelis formulated to be applicable to a broad range of wave fields and its abilityto represent cross-swell and multiple wavelength cases is illustrated.Additionally, the model is applied to LES of a laboratory-scale fixed-bottomoffshore wind turbine model, and the results are compared with wind tunnelexperimental data. The LES with the MOSD model shows good agreement inwind-wave-wake interactions and phase-dependent physics at a low computationalcost. The model's simplicity and minimal computational needs make it valuablefor studying turbulent atmospheric-scale flows over the sea, particularly inoffshore wind energy research.

A Moving Surface Drag Model for LES of Wind over Waves