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The non-invasive spatiotemporal control of cellular functions, organizationof tissues, and even the behavior of small animals has become paramount foradvanced therapies. As magnetic fields do not interact with biological matter,their application is not only suitable for in vitro experiments but also for invivo applications, even in deep tissues. Particularly, the remote manipulationof paramagnetic entities through magnetic instruments has emerged as apromising approach across various biological contexts. Despite similarities inbasic experimental concepts, variations in the properties and descriptions ofthose magnetic instruments among the authors and studies resulted in a lack ofreproducibility and comparability. Therefore, this article addresses thequestion of how to standardize the characterization of magnetic instruments.Our emphasis lies on the ability of magnetic systems to control the movement ofparamagnetic objects such as ferro- or superparamagnetic particles, withinorganisms. This movement is achieved by exerting a force on magnetic particlesby exposing them to a locally varying magnetic field. While it is well-knownthat the exerted force depends on the spatial variation (i.e. the gradient) ofthe magnetic field, the magnitude of the field is equally important. However,this second factor is often neglected in the literature. Therefore, we conducta comprehensive analysis and discussion of both factors. Furthermore, wepropose a novel descriptor, termed "effective gradient", which combines bothdependencies. To illustrate, we characterize different magnet systems bycalculating and comparing the different quantities and relating them to twoexperiments with different superparamagnetic nanoparticles.

A Comprehensive Approach to Characterize Navigation Instruments for Magnetic Guidance in Biological Systems