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Climate change challenges require a notable decrease in worldwide greenhousegas (GHG) emissions across technology sectors. Digital technologies, especiallyvideo streaming, accounting for most Internet traffic, make no exception. Videostreaming demand increases with remote working, multimedia communicationservices (e.g., WhatsApp, Skype), video streaming content (e.g., YouTube,Netflix), video resolution (4K/8K, 50 fps/60 fps), and multi-view video, makingenergy consumption and environmental footprint critical. This surveycontributes to a better understanding of sustainable and efficient videostreaming technologies by providing insights into the state-of-the-art andpotential future directions for researchers, developers, and engineers, serviceproviders, hosting platforms, and consumers. We widen this survey's focus oncontent provisioning and content consumption based on the observation thatcontinuously active network equipment underneath video streaming consumessubstantial energy independent of the transmitted data type. We propose ataxonomy of factors that affect the energy consumption in video streaming, suchas encoding schemes, resource requirements, storage, content retrieval,decoding, and display. We identify notable weaknesses in video streaming thatrequire further research for improved energy efficiency: (1) fixed bitrateladders in HTTP live streaming; (2) inefficient hardware utilization ofexisting video players; (3) lack of comprehensive open energy measurementdataset covering various device types and coding parameters for reproducibleresearch.

A Survey on Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact of Video Streaming