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The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is the primary Digital Library portalfor researchers in astronomy and astrophysics. Over the past 30 years, the ADShas gone from being an astronomy-focused bibliographic database to an opendigital library system supporting research in space and (soon) earth sciences.This paper describes the evolution of the ADS system, its capabilities, and thetechnological infrastructure underpinning it.  We give an overview of the ADS's original architecture, constructed primarilyaround simple database models. This bespoke system allowed for the efficientindexing of metadata and citations, the digitization and archival of full-textarticles, and the rapid development of discipline-specific capabilities runningon commodity hardware. The move towards a cloud-based microservicesarchitecture and an open-source search engine in the late 2010s marked asignificant shift, bringing full-text search capabilities, a modern API, higheruptime, more reliable data retrieval, and integration of advancedvisualizations and analytics.  Another crucial evolution came with the gradual and ongoing incorporation ofMachine Learning and Natural Language Processing algorithms in our datapipelines. Originally used for information extraction and classification tasks,NLP and ML techniques are now being developed to improve metadata enrichment,search, notifications, and recommendations. we describe how these computationaltechniques are being embedded into our software infrastructure, the challengesfaced, and the benefits reaped.  Finally, we conclude by describing the future prospects of ADS and itsongoing expansion, discussing the challenges of managing an interdisciplinaryinformation system in the era of AI and Open Science, where information isabundant, technology is transformative, but their trustworthiness can beelusive.

Decades of Transformation: Evolution of the NASA Astrophysics Data System's Infrastructure