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Spot beamfocusing (SBF) is the process of focusing the signal power in asmall spot-like region in the 3D space, which can be either hard-tuned (HT)using traditional tools like lenses and mirrors or electronically reconfigured(ER) using modern large-scale intelligent surface phased arrays. ER-SBF can bea key enabling technology (KET) for the next-generation 6G wireless networksoffering benefits to many future wireless application areas such as wirelesscommunication and security, mid-range wireless chargers, medical and health,physics, etc. Although near-field HT-SBF and ER-beamfocusing have been studiedin the literature and applied in the industry, there is no comprehensive studyof different aspects of ER-SBF and its future applications, especially fornonoptical (mmWave, sub-THz, and THz) electromagnetic waves in the nextgeneration wireless technology, which is the aim of this paper. The theoreticalconcepts behind ER-SBF, different antenna technologies for implementing ER-SBF,employing machine learning (ML)-based schemes for enablingchannel-state-information (CSI)-independent ER-SBF, and different practicalapplication areas that can benefit from ER-SBF will be explored.

Towards Near-Field 3D Spot Beamfocusing: Possibilities, Challenges, and Use-cases