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We introduce a 3D Mueller Matrix (MM) image reconstruction technique usingdigital holographic approach for the layer-by-layer profiling thin films withpolycrystalline structures, like dehydrated blood smears. The proposed methodeffectively extracts optical anisotropy parameters for a detailed quantitativeanalysis. The investigation revealed the method sensitivity to subtle changesin optical anisotropy properties resulting from alterations in the quaternaryand tertiary structures of blood proteins, leading to disturbances incrystallization structures at the macro level at the very early stage of adisease. Spatial distributions of linear and circular birefringence anddichroism are analyzed in partially depolarizing polycrystalline blood filmsobtained from healthy tissues and cancerous prostate tissues at various stagesof adenocarcinoma. Changes in the values of the 1st to 4th order statisticalmoments, characterizing the distributions of optical anisotropy in differentphase sections of the smear volumes, are observed and quantified. Comparativeanalysis of optical anisotropy distributions from healthy patients highlightedthe 3rd and 4th order statistical moments for linear and circular birefringenceand dichroism as the most promising for diagnostic purposes. We achieved anexcellent accuracy (>90%) for early cancer diagnosis and differentiation of itsstages, demonstrating the techniques significant potential for rapid andaccurate definitive cancer diagnosis compared to existing screening approaches.

Insights into Polycrystalline Microstructure of Blood Films with 3D Mueller Matrix Imaging Approach