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(Kingham 1982) provided equations for the probability of observing highercharge states in atom probe tomography (APT) experiments. These "Kinghamcurves" have wide application in APT, but cannot be analytically transformed toprovide the electric field in terms of the easily-measured charge state ratio(CSR). Here we provide a numerical scheme for the calculation of Kingham curvesand the variation in electric field with CSR. We find the variation in electricfield with CSR is well-described by a simple two or three-parameter equation,and the model is accurate to most elements and charge states. The model isapplied to experimental APT data of pure aluminium and a microalloyed steel,demonstrating that the methods described in this work can be easily applied toa variety of APT problems to understand electric field variations.

Estimation of the electric field in atom probe tomography experiments using charge state ratios