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In this study, we investigated the formation of air-rich microbubbles throughlocal photothermal heating of non-degassed water. When non-degassed water islocally heated, vapor-rich bubbles are initially formed. These bubbles have amaximum radius of approximately 9 {\mu}m and stabilize while oscillating andexhaling air-rich bubbles. However, when the exhaled bubbles fuse and grow,they revert to vapor-rich bubbles on the heat source. The vapor-rich bubblesare then exposed to a large amount of air, causing them to transition toair-rich bubbles. In this paper, the motion of the exhaled air-rich bubble isexplained by the drag force owing to the flow and the Marangoni force owing tothe temperature gradient acting on the bubble. Because the drag force isproportional to the bubble radius, and the Marangoni force is proportional tothe square of the bubble radius, the larger the bubble, the stronger the effectof the Marangoni force. Thus, as the bubbles grow, they are drawn toward theheat source against the flow created by the vapor-rich bubbles. These resultsare useful for a better understanding of bubble growth and determining theconditions for the stable formation of vapor-rich bubbles in non-degassedwater.

Effects of Marangoni and drag forces on the transition from vapor-rich to air-rich bubbles