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Creative design is a nonlinear process where designers generate diverse ideasin the pursuit of an open-ended goal and converge towards consensus throughiterative remixing. In contrast, AI-powered design tools often employ a linearsequence of incremental and precise instructions to approximate designobjectives. Such operations violate customary creative design practices andthus hinder AI agents' ability to complete creative design tasks. To explorebetter human-AI co-design tools, we first summarize human designers' practicesthrough a formative study with 12 design experts. Taking graphic design as arepresentative scenario, we formulate a nonlinear human-AI co-design frameworkand develop a proof-of-concept prototype, OptiMuse. We evaluate OptiMuse andvalidate the nonlinear framework through a comparative study. We notice asubconscious change in people's attitudes towards AI agents, shifting fromperceiving them as mere executors to regarding them as opinionated colleagues.This shift effectively fostered the exploration and reflection processes ofindividual designers.

Understanding Nonlinear Collaboration between Human and AI Agents: A Co-design Framework for Creative Design