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This survey paper explores the transformative influence of frontier AI,foundation models, and Large Language Models (LLMs) in the realm of IntelligentTransportation Systems (ITS), emphasizing their integral role in advancingtransportation intelligence, optimizing traffic management, and contributing tothe realization of smart cities. Frontier AI refers to the forefront of AItechnology, encompassing the latest advancements, innovations, and experimentaltechniques in the field, especially AI foundation models and LLMs. Foundationmodels, like GPT-4, are large, general-purpose AI models that provide a basefor a wide range of applications. They are characterized by their versatilityand scalability. LLMs are obtained from finetuning foundation models with aspecific focus on processing and generating natural language. They excel intasks like language understanding, text generation, translation, andsummarization. By leveraging vast textual data, including traffic reports andsocial media interactions, LLMs extract critical insights, fostering theevolution of ITS. The survey navigates the dynamic synergy between LLMs andITS, delving into applications in traffic management, integration intoautonomous vehicles, and their role in shaping smart cities. It providesinsights into ongoing research, innovations, and emerging trends, aiming toinspire collaboration at the intersection of language, intelligence, andmobility for safer, more efficient, and sustainable transportation systems. Thepaper further surveys interactions between LLMs and various aspects of ITS,exploring roles in traffic management, facilitating autonomous vehicles, andcontributing to smart city development, while addressing challenges brought byfrontier AI and foundation models. This paper offers valuable inspiration forfuture research and innovation in the transformative domain of intelligenttransportation.

A Survey on the Applications of Frontier AI, Foundation Models, and Large Language Models to Intelligent Transportation Systems