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We develop a field-nonlinear theory of sub-Doppler spectroscopy in a gas oftwo-level atoms, based on a self-consistent solution of the Maxwell-Blochequations in the mean field and single-atom density matrix approximations. Thismakes it possible to correctly take into account the effects caused by the freemotion of atoms in a gas, which lead to a nonlinear dependence of thespectroscopic signal on the atomic density even in the absent of a directinteratomic interaction (e.g., dipole-dipole interaction). Within the frameworkof this approach, analytical expressions for the light field were obtained foran arbitrary number of resonant waves and arbitrary optical thickness of a gasmedium. Sub-Doppler spectroscopy in the transmission signal for twocounterpropagating and co-propagating waves has been studied in detail. Apreviously unknown red shift of a narrow sub-Doppler resonance is predicted ina counterpropagating waves scheme, when the frequency of one wave is fixed andthe frequency of the other wave is varied. The magnitude of this shift dependson the atomic density and can be more than an order of magnitude greater thanthe known shift from the interatomic dipole-dipole interaction (Lorentz-Lorenzshift). The found effects, caused by the free motion of atoms, require asignificant revision of the existing picture of spectroscopic effects dependingon the density of atoms in a gas. Apart of fundamental aspect, obtained resultsare important for precision laser spectroscopy and optical atomic clocks.

Theory of nonlinear sub-Doppler laser spectroscopy taking into account atomic-motion-induced density-dependent effects in a gas