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Are LLMs cultural technologies like photocopiers or printing presses, whichtransmit information but cannot create new content? A challenge for this idea,which we call bibliotechnism, is that LLMs often do generate entirely noveltext. We begin by defending bibliotechnism against this challenge, showing hownovel text may be meaningful only in a derivative sense, so that the content ofthis generated text depends in an important sense on the content of originalhuman text. We go on to present a different, novel challenge forbibliotechnism, stemming from examples in which LLMs generate "novelreference", using novel names to refer to novel entities. Such examples couldbe smoothly explained if LLMs were not cultural technologies but possessed alimited form of agency (beliefs, desires, and intentions). According tointerpretationism in the philosophy of mind, a system has beliefs, desires andintentions if and only if its behavior is well-explained by the hypothesis thatit has such states. In line with this view, we argue that cases of novelreference provide evidence that LLMs do in fact have beliefs, desires, andintentions, and thus have a limited form of agency.

Are Language Models More Like Libraries or Like Librarians? Bibliotechnism, the Novel Reference Problem, and the Attitudes of LLMs