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This paper addresses the on-demand meeting-point-based feeder electric busrouting and charging scheduling problem under charging synchronizationconstraints. The problem considered exhibits the structure of the locationrouting problem, which is more difficult to solve than many electric vehiclerouting problems with capacitated charging stations. We propose to model theproblem using a mixed-integer linear programming approach based on a layeredgraph structure. An efficient hybrid metaheuristic solution algorithm isproposed. A mixture of random and greedy partial charging scheduling strategiesis used to find feasible charging schedules under the synchronizationconstraints. The algorithm is tested on instances with up to 100 customers and49 bus stops/meeting points. The results show that the proposed algorithmprovides near-optimal solutions within less one minute on average compared withthe best solutions found by a mixed-integer linear programming solver set witha 4-hour computation time limit. A case study on a larger sized case with 1000customers and 111 meeting points shows the proposed method is applicable toreal-world situations.

A hybrid metaheuristic to optimize electric first-mile feeder services with charging synchronization constraints and customer rejections