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Surface currents emerge in superconductors exposed to magnetic fields, andare a key signature of the Meissner effect. Analogously, chiral dynamics wereobserved in quantum simulators under synthetic Abelian gauge fields. Theflexible control of these simulators also facilitates the engineering ofnon-Abelian gauge fields, but their impact on the chiral dynamics remainselusive. Here, by employing the cutting-edge momentum-lattice technique, weimplement a synthetic SU(2) gauge field in a spinful 1D ladder and study therich chiral dynamics therein. We confirm the non-Abelian nature of thesynthetic potential by observing the non-Abelian Aharonov-Bohm effect on asingle plaquette. More importantly, the chiral current along the two legs ofthe ladder is observed to be spin-dependent and highly tunable through theparameters of the gauge potential. We experimentally map out different dynamicregimes of the chiral current, and reveal the underlying competition betweenoverlaying flux ladders with distinct spin compositions. Our experimentdemonstrates the dramatic impact of non-Abelian gauge fields on the systemdynamics, paving the way for future studies of exotic synthetic gauge fields onthe versatile platform of momentum lattices.

Chiral Dynamics of Ultracold Atoms under a Tunable SU(2) Synthetic Gauge Field