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Hydrogen plays an important role in the context of global carbon reduction.For an off-grid renewable power to hydrogen system (OReP2HS), a grid-forming(GFM) source is essential to provide frequency and voltage references. Here, wetake battery works as a GFM source, and the OReP2HS we focus on is comprised ofsolar photovoltaic, wind turbines, and alkaline electrolyzers for hydrogengeneration. An elaborative full-time scale energy management strategy (EMS)covers GFM control to system scheduling (from milliseconds to hours) and isproposed to support high-precision production simulations. Loads ofelectrolysers are designed to track the renewable power closely to partlyreplace the energy balancing requirement of the battery. A continuous operationstrategy during an emergency like a unit drop is also included in the presentedEMS. An off-line simulation-based iterative searching algorithm is developed tofind the most suitable size of the battery with the minimum levelized cost ofhydrogen (LCOH). A practical OReP2H project located in Inner Mongolian, Chinais taken as a case study. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of theproposed method, and the optimized capacity of the battery (3.4MWh) onlyaccounts for 13.6% of the total installed capacity of the sources with theproposed EMS. Sensitivity analysis shows that LOCH rises from 28.829 CYN/kg to37.814 CYN/kg, with the time-step for fast power regulation of electrolyserschanging from 4s to 1 min with a ramp rate of 0.05MW/s.

A full-time scale energy management and battery size optimization for  off-grid renewable power to hydrogen systems: A battery energy storage-based  grid-forming case in Inner Mongolian