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The corona is a structure possessed by stars, including the sun. The abnormalheating of the solar corona and chromosphere is one of the greatest mysteriesin modern astronomy. While state-of-the-art observations have identified somecandidates of magnetic activity events that could be responsible for thisabnormal heating, and theoretical studies have proposed various heating modes,a complete physical picture of how they are heated as a whole remains elusive.In this study, the characteristics of the heated corona and chromosphere areinvestigated, and for the first time, the question of how they are abnormallyheated is explicitly answered by analyzing the long-term observations of theglobal chromosphere in the Ca II K line and the global corona in the coronalgreen line. The findings reveal that both the quiet chromosphere and corona arein anti-phase with the solar cycle, whereas the active chromosphere and coronaare in phase with it. Different parts of the solar corona and chromosphereexhibit significantly different variation characteristics, and are found to beheated by different magnetic categories and probably in different modes. Thisstudy posits that unraveling the heating mystery is best approached through thelens of magnetic categories, rather than magnetic activity events.

How are the abnormally hot chromosphere and corona heated by the solar magnetic fields?