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In recent years, decentralized applications (dApps) built on blockchainplatforms such as Ethereum and coded in languages such as Solidity, have gainedattention for their potential to disrupt traditional centralized systems.Despite their rapid adoption, limited research has been conducted to understandthe underlying code structure of these applications. In particular, each dAppis composed of multiple smart contracts, each containing a number of functionsthat can be called to trigger a specific event, e.g., a token transfer. In thispaper, we reconstruct and analyse the network of contracts and functions callswithin the dApp, which is helpful to unveil vulnerabilities that can beexploited by malicious attackers. We show how decentralization isarchitecturally implemented, identifying common development patterns andanomalies that could influence the system's robustness and efficiency. We finda consistent network structure characterized by modular, self-sufficientcontracts and a complex web of function interactions, indicating common codingpractices across the blockchain community. Critically, a small number of keyfunctions within each dApp play a pivotal role in maintaining networkconnectivity, making them potential targets for cyber attacks and highlightingthe need for robust security measures.

DApps Ecosystems: Mapping the Network Structure of Smart Contract Interactions